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castration anxiety
Castration anxiety is the fear of emasculation in both the literal and metaphorical sense. Castration anxiety is an overwhelming fear of damage to, or loss of, the penis; one of Sigmund Freud's earliest psychoanalytic theories.〔Schwartz, Bernard J. (1955) The measurement of castration anxiety and anxiety over loss of love. Journal of Personality, 24 204-219.〕 Although Freud regarded castration anxiety as a universal human experience, few empirical studies have been conducted on the topic. Much of the research that has been done on the topic was done decades ago, although still relevant today. The theory is that a child has a fear of damage being done to their genitalia by the parent of the same sex (i.e. a son being afraid of his father) as punishment for sexual feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex (i.e. a son toward his mother).〔Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary 2012〕 It has been theorized that castration anxiety begins between the ages of 3 and 5, otherwise known as the phallic stage of development according to Freud.〔Feiner, K. (1988) A test of a theory about body integrity: Part 2. ''Psychoanalytic Psychology''. 5(1), 71–79.〕 Although typically associated with males, castration anxiety is experienced in differing ways for both the male and female sexes.
==Literal==
Castration anxiety is the conscious or unconscious fear of losing all or part of the sex organs, or the function of such. In the literal sense, castration anxiety refers to the fear of having one's genitalia disfigured or removed to punish sexual desires of a child.〔
In Freudian psychoanalysis, castration anxiety (''Kastrationsangst'') refers to an unconscious fear of penile loss originating during the phallic stage of psychosexual development and lasting a lifetime. According to Freud, when the infantile male becomes aware of differences between male and female genitalia he assumes that the female's penis has been removed and becomes anxious that his penis will be cut off by his rival, the father figure, as punishment for desiring the mother figure.〔Freud, S. (1954). ''The Origins Of Psycho-Analysis: Letters To Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts And Notes: 1887-1902''. Edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernst Kris. Translated by Eric Mosbacher and James Strachey. New York: Basic Books.〕
In 19th century Europe it was not unheard of for parents to threaten their misbehaving sons with castration or otherwise threaten their genitals. This theme is explored in the story ''Tupik'' by French writer Michel Tournier in his collection of stories entitled ''Le Coq de Bruyère'' (1978) and is a phenomenon Freud documents several times.〔Freud, Sigmund. "The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex." ''On Sexuality''. Vol. 7 of Penguin Freud Library. Trans. James Strachey. Ed. Angela Richards. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976. 313-322.〕 In same period, Dr. Kellogg and others in America and English speaking countries offered to Victorian parents circumcision and in grave instances, ''castration'' of their boys and girls as a terminal ''cure'' and punishment for a wide variety of misbehaviours and ills, becoming very popular over time.
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